La història de la invenció de la bateria
El 1786, hi havia un anatomista anomenat Galvani a la Universitat de Bolonya a Itàlia. Quan estava fent un experiment de dissecció de la granota, va trobar que quan un bisturí metàl·lic tocava els músculs de la granota, la granota saltava i les cames s'espasmes. El descobriment va ser molt sorprenent i va pensar que aquí hi havia bioelectricitat.
In the eighteenth century AD, people's understanding of electricity mainly came from triboelectricity and lightning in nature, so the previous phenomena related to electricity, such as fur friction and Leiden bottle, were all static electricity. The discovery of the same phenomenon as triboelectricity on frog legs was indeed surprising at the time. After the publication of this result in 1791, it attracted great attention.
For example, it caught the attention of Volta, another university professor in Italy. Volta repeated and tested Galvani's experiment. After repeating it many times, he thought: Could the phenomenon of frog leg spasms have nothing to do with living things? Maybe a frog leg is just a conductor?
Per demostrar aquest punt, va eliminar tots els factors biològics i va utilitzar dos metalls diferents per generar electricitat. En efecte, al final va utilitzar diferents metalls com el zinc reactiu i la plata o el coure inactius, submergits en cartró amb aigua salada, per generar un corrent elèctric continu. Aquesta és la primera bateria de la història de la humanitat - la pila voltaica.
The "Volta Pile" made by Volta himself is now in the Volta Museum in Italy. Image source: Wikipedia
This study by Volta in 1800 changed the understanding of electricity from static electricity to electrokinetic electricity. Napoleon, who had conquered Italy at the time, recognized the importance of this research and granted him the title of Lord Volta. Until now the unit of voltage in our physics "volt" is also named after him.
Of course, the importance of this work is not only in winning the prize, it lays the foundation for the emergence and development of electromagnetism. Faraday's electromagnetic induction experiment was done in 1831. If there was no voltaic pile at the beginning, Faraday would have no way to do electromagnetic induction experiments, and human beings would have no way to establish a system of electromagnetic knowledge.
So was Galvani wrong? In fact, Galvani is very insistent on his own views. He believes that his experiments are no problem, and he has done a long time to verify it. Volta said that the current came from two different metals. Galvani simply did an experiment without using any metal. He used the nerves of a frog to touch the muscles of the frog's legs, and found that the frog's legs would still spasm, which means that even if there is no metal, there is no In the external voltaic pile, living things will also respond to electrical signals, and there is still bioelectricity.
Així que Galvani també tenia raó. Aquest fenomen, després d'anys d'intensa investigació, finalment va donar lloc a l'electrofisiologia moderna. Anem a l'hospital per fer electrocardiogrames i electroencefalogrames, tots relacionats amb l'electrofisiologia. Tant els Estats Units com la Xina estan estudiant neurociència i ciència del cervell. Aquestes transmissions de senyal es basen en el corrent generat pels ions del cos humà.
És concebible que en l'etapa d'inflexió del segle XVIII al segle XIX, el debat acadèmic entre Galvani i Volta fos molt significatiu per a la construcció del sistema de coneixement humà.
